In the world of technology, the debate on the efficacy of 4 core 8 thread processors has been a hot topic of discussion. The advent of multi-core processors has revolutionized the way we use computers, enabling them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously with greater speed and efficiency. But the question remains, is a 4 core 8 thread processor a good or bad investment? In this article, we will explore the performance of these processors and provide insights into whether they are worth the investment. Get ready to discover the truth behind this technological marvel!
Understanding 4 Core 8 Thread Processors
What are 4 core 8 thread processors?
A 4 core 8 thread processor is a type of central processing unit (CPU) that is designed to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. This means that it has four physical cores, each capable of executing four threads concurrently. Each thread is a lightweight unit of work that can be executed independently of other threads, allowing the processor to perform multiple tasks simultaneously.
This type of processor is designed to improve the performance of applications that can take advantage of multi-threading, which is a technique that allows a single program to execute multiple tasks simultaneously. Multi-threading can improve the performance of applications that are designed to take advantage of it, by allowing them to perform multiple tasks simultaneously, rather than executing them sequentially.
The main advantage of a 4 core 8 thread processor is that it can handle more threads and processes simultaneously than a single-core processor. This can result in faster processing times and improved performance for applications that are designed to take advantage of multi-threading. However, not all applications can benefit from multi-threading, and some may actually perform worse when run on a multi-core processor.
Overall, a 4 core 8 thread processor can be a worthwhile investment for users who require high levels of performance and multi-tasking capabilities. However, it is important to consider the specific needs of the user and the applications they intend to run before making a purchase.
How do they differ from other processors?
One of the key differences between 4 core 8 thread processors and other processors is the number of cores and threads they possess. While most processors have only two cores and four threads, 4 core 8 thread processors have four cores and eight threads. This means that they can perform twice as many tasks simultaneously, making them more efficient and faster than other processors.
Another difference is in their architecture. 4 core 8 thread processors use a different architecture that allows for more efficient use of resources and better performance. They also have a higher clock speed, which means that they can process information faster than other processors.
Additionally, 4 core 8 thread processors have a larger cache memory, which means that they can store more data temporarily and access it faster. This can help improve performance, especially when running demanding applications.
Overall, 4 core 8 thread processors offer a significant performance boost compared to other processors, making them a worthwhile investment for those who need a powerful and efficient computer.
Performance Analysis
Benchmarking against other processors
When assessing the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors, it is crucial to compare them with other processors available in the market. This comparison provides insight into the advantages and disadvantages of investing in such processors. The following benchmarks were conducted to evaluate the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors against other processors:
- Single-Core Performance:
- 4 core 8 thread processors perform similarly to quad-core processors in single-core performance tests.
- However, they are better than dual-core processors in most cases, offering improved performance for multi-tasking and running multiple applications simultaneously.
- Multi-Core Performance:
- In multi-core performance tests, 4 core 8 thread processors show significant advantages over dual-core processors.
- They offer better performance when handling multiple tasks simultaneously, such as video editing, gaming, and web browsing.
- However, they may not outperform hexa-core or octa-core processors in every situation, as these processors also offer impressive multi-core performance.
- Cache Memory:
- 4 core 8 thread processors often come with larger cache memory compared to dual-core processors.
- This cache memory helps in reducing the number of memory access requests from the CPU, resulting in faster processing times.
- However, hexa-core and octa-core processors typically have even larger cache memories, which can provide better performance in some cases.
- Power Efficiency:
- 4 core 8 thread processors are generally more power-efficient than dual-core processors.
- They consume less power while performing tasks, resulting in longer battery life for laptops and other portable devices.
- However, hexa-core and octa-core processors may be more power-efficient in certain situations, depending on their design and architecture.
- Cost:
- 4 core 8 thread processors are often priced between dual-core and hexa-core or octa-core processors.
- They offer a balance between performance and cost, making them an attractive option for users seeking improved multi-tasking capabilities without breaking the bank.
- However, the cost of these processors may vary depending on the manufacturer and specific model.
In conclusion, benchmarking 4 core 8 thread processors against other processors provides valuable insights into their performance. They offer a balance between single-core and multi-core performance, cache memory, power efficiency, and cost. While they may not outperform the most advanced processors in every situation, they are a worthwhile investment for users seeking improved performance for multi-tasking and running multiple applications simultaneously.
Gaming performance
The gaming performance of 4 core 8 thread processors is an important aspect to consider when deciding whether it is a worthwhile investment. This section will analyze the gaming performance of these processors, comparing them to other available options in the market.
One of the main factors that affect gaming performance is the clock speed of the processor. A higher clock speed generally results in smoother gameplay and faster load times. 4 core 8 thread processors typically have clock speeds ranging from 3.2 GHz to 4.2 GHz, which is considered to be a decent range for gaming performance.
Another important factor is the number of cores and threads. In the case of 4 core 8 thread processors, the additional threads can provide a noticeable boost in performance for certain types of games. For example, games that can take advantage of multiple threads to perform tasks such as physics simulations or AI processing can see a significant improvement in performance with a 4 core 8 thread processor.
It is also worth noting that the overall performance of a gaming system is not solely dependent on the processor. Other factors such as the graphics card, amount of RAM, and motherboard can also play a significant role in determining the overall gaming performance.
In conclusion, the gaming performance of 4 core 8 thread processors can be a worthwhile investment for those looking to improve their gaming experience. While the clock speed and number of cores and threads are important factors, it is also important to consider the overall gaming system and how all components work together to achieve optimal performance.
Multitasking and heavy-duty workloads
The performance of a processor is an essential factor when it comes to multitasking and handling heavy-duty workloads. A 4 core 8 thread processor is designed to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, making it ideal for heavy-duty workloads.
However, the question remains, is investing in a 4 core 8 thread processor worth it? In this section, we will explore the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors when it comes to multitasking and heavy-duty workloads.
Handling Multiple Tasks Simultaneously
A 4 core 8 thread processor is designed to handle multiple tasks simultaneously, making it ideal for multitasking. With eight threads, each core can handle four threads simultaneously, resulting in faster processing times. This means that users can run multiple applications at the same time without experiencing any lag or slowdown.
For instance, a user can run multiple web browsers simultaneously, stream video content, and still have enough processing power to handle other tasks. The performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor in multitasking is significantly better than that of a dual-core processor.
Handling Heavy-Duty Workloads
A 4 core 8 thread processor is also designed to handle heavy-duty workloads, such as video editing, gaming, and graphic design. With eight threads, each core can handle four threads simultaneously, resulting in faster processing times.
For instance, video editing software can make use of all eight threads to render video footage, resulting in faster processing times. Similarly, gaming and graphic design software can also make use of all eight threads, resulting in smoother gameplay and faster rendering times.
However, it is important to note that the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor in handling heavy-duty workloads depends on the specific task and the software being used. Some tasks may not require all eight threads, resulting in slower processing times.
In conclusion, a 4 core 8 thread processor is an excellent investment for users who require a high level of performance in multitasking and handling heavy-duty workloads. The performance of these processors is significantly better than that of dual-core processors, making them ideal for demanding applications. However, it is important to consider the specific task and software being used to ensure optimal performance.
Factors Affecting Performance
Operating System optimization
Optimizing the operating system is a crucial factor in determining the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor. An operating system (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources and provides common services for computer programs. It acts as an intermediary between the user, the application software, and the computer hardware. The OS performs various tasks, such as managing memory, controlling input/output devices, and coordinating tasks between multiple processors.
Role of the Operating System in Processor Performance
The operating system plays a critical role in processor performance by managing the resources and coordinating the activities of multiple processors. It is responsible for allocating resources such as memory, storage, and input/output devices to the processors. The OS also schedules tasks and manages the execution of programs, ensuring that each processor is utilized efficiently.
Impact of Operating System Optimization on Processor Performance
Optimizing the operating system can significantly impact the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor. The OS can be optimized in several ways, such as improving memory management, reducing context switching, and increasing thread synchronization. These optimizations can result in faster processing times, reduced latency, and increased overall system performance.
Memory Management Optimization
Memory management is a critical aspect of operating system optimization. It involves managing the allocation and deallocation of memory resources to the processors. When the operating system optimizes memory management, it can reduce the time it takes to access memory, leading to faster processing times. This is particularly important for applications that require large amounts of data processing, such as scientific simulations or data analysis.
Reducing Context Switching
Context switching is the process of switching between different tasks or processes. It involves saving the state of one process and restoring the state of another process. Context switching can be time-consuming and can negatively impact processor performance. However, the operating system can optimize context switching by using techniques such as priority-based scheduling and preemptive multitasking. These techniques can reduce the time it takes to switch between processes, leading to faster processing times.
Thread Synchronization
Thread synchronization is the process of coordinating the activities of multiple threads within a process. When the operating system optimizes thread synchronization, it can ensure that multiple processors are working together efficiently, leading to increased overall system performance. Techniques such as lock-free data structures and fine-grained locking can be used to optimize thread synchronization.
In conclusion, optimizing the operating system is a crucial factor in determining the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor. The OS plays a critical role in managing resources and coordinating the activities of multiple processors. Optimizing memory management, reducing context switching, and increasing thread synchronization can significantly impact processor performance, leading to faster processing times and increased overall system performance.
Memory management
When it comes to the performance of a computer, memory management plays a crucial role. It is the process by which a computer’s operating system (OS) allocates and deals with the computer’s memory. The memory management system is responsible for ensuring that each program running on the computer has access to the memory it needs, while also preventing programs from interfering with each other’s memory.
There are several factors that can affect memory management, including the amount of memory available, the type of memory, and the way in which the memory is accessed. In the case of 4 core 8 thread processors, the amount of memory available is typically higher than in previous generations of processors, which can improve memory management performance.
Another factor that can affect memory management is the type of memory used. For example, if a computer is using DDR3 memory, it may have better memory management performance than if it was using DDR2 memory. This is because DDR3 memory has a higher bandwidth, which means it can transfer data more quickly.
Finally, the way in which the memory is accessed can also affect memory management performance. For example, if a program is accessing memory in a random or unpredictable manner, it may cause the memory management system to work harder to keep up. On the other hand, if a program is accessing memory in a predictable manner, the memory management system can more easily anticipate its needs and allocate memory accordingly.
Overall, the performance of a computer’s memory management system can have a significant impact on the overall performance of the computer. With the higher amount of memory available in 4 core 8 thread processors, as well as the improved memory management performance of DDR3 memory, these processors are well-suited for tasks that require a lot of memory, such as video editing or gaming.
Cooling solutions
Proper cooling is essential for optimal performance of processors. High temperatures can cause the processor to slow down or even shut down to prevent damage. The following are some cooling solutions for 4 core 8 thread processors:
- Air Cooling: This is the most common type of cooling used in processors. It involves using a heatsink and fan to dissipate heat. The heatsink is placed in contact with the processor, and the fan blows air over it to dissipate heat. This method is cost-effective and reliable but may not be sufficient for high-performance processors.
- Liquid Cooling: This method uses a liquid coolant to absorb heat from the processor. The liquid coolant is pumped through a radiator, where it is cooled by a fan. This method is more efficient than air cooling and can be used for high-performance processors. However, it is more expensive and requires maintenance.
- Water Cooling: This method uses a water-based coolant to absorb heat from the processor. The water coolant is pumped through a radiator, where it is cooled by a fan. This method is more efficient than air cooling and can be used for high-performance processors. However, it is more expensive and requires maintenance.
- Cryogenic Cooling: This method involves cooling the processor with liquid nitrogen or helium. This method is extremely efficient and can be used for high-performance processors. However, it is very expensive and requires specialized equipment.
It is important to choose the right cooling solution for your 4 core 8 thread processor to ensure optimal performance.
Comparing 4 Core 8 Thread Processors to Other Options
Higher core count processors
When comparing 4 core 8 thread processors to other options, it is important to consider the performance of higher core count processors. While 4 core 8 thread processors may offer a balance of performance and affordability, higher core count processors can provide even greater performance for certain tasks.
One key advantage of higher core count processors is their ability to handle more complex workloads. For example, a 10 core processor may be better suited for tasks that require extensive multitasking or heavy use of multiple cores, such as video editing or gaming. In these scenarios, the additional cores can help distribute workload more efficiently and improve overall performance.
Another advantage of higher core count processors is their ability to handle more demanding software applications. Many professional-grade software programs are designed to take advantage of multiple cores, and higher core count processors can provide the necessary processing power to run these programs smoothly. This can be particularly important for users who rely on these programs for work or other critical tasks.
However, it is important to note that higher core count processors may also come with a higher price tag. While 4 core 8 thread processors can offer a balance of performance and affordability, higher core count processors may be more expensive and may not provide a significant performance boost for all tasks. As such, it is important to carefully consider the specific needs and requirements of your computing tasks when choosing a processor.
Lower core count processors
When considering the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors, it is important to compare them to other options available in the market. One such option is lower core count processors.
Lower core count processors typically have fewer cores than 4 core 8 thread processors, which means they may have a lower overall processing power. However, this does not necessarily mean that they are not capable of handling demanding tasks. Lower core count processors can still offer excellent performance for everyday tasks such as web browsing, document editing, and media consumption.
Additionally, lower core count processors may also have lower power consumption, which can be beneficial for those who prioritize energy efficiency in their devices. They may also be more affordable than 4 core 8 thread processors, making them a more budget-friendly option for those who do not require the highest levels of processing power.
However, it is important to note that lower core count processors may not be able to handle more demanding tasks such as gaming or video editing as efficiently as 4 core 8 thread processors. Therefore, it is important to consider the specific needs and requirements of the user when deciding between a lower core count processor and a 4 core 8 thread processor.
Integrated Graphics Processors (IGPs)
Integrated Graphics Processors (IGPs) are a type of processor that is built into the motherboard of a computer. These processors combine the functionality of a graphics processing unit (GPU) and a central processing unit (CPU) into one chip. IGPs are designed to handle basic graphics processing tasks, such as displaying images and videos on a screen, without the need for a separate graphics card.
One of the main advantages of IGPs is that they are less expensive than discrete graphics cards, making them a popular choice for budget-conscious consumers. They also take up less physical space on the motherboard, which can be beneficial in smaller form factor computers.
However, IGPs are not as powerful as discrete graphics cards, and are not well-suited for tasks that require intense graphics processing, such as gaming or video editing. They may also struggle with tasks that require a lot of CPU power, such as running multiple applications at the same time.
Overall, IGPs can be a good choice for basic computing tasks, such as web browsing and document editing, but may not be the best option for more demanding tasks or for users who require high levels of graphics performance.
Real-World Use Cases
Professional applications
Design and Modeling
The [4 core 8 thread processors](https://www.hardwarecentric.com/4-core-4-thread-vs-4-core-8-thread/) offer exceptional performance for design and modeling applications. These applications often require the use of multiple cores to handle complex simulations and rendering tasks. With their increased core count, these processors are able to handle these tasks more efficiently, resulting in faster completion times.
Video Editing and Production
Video editing and production applications also benefit from the increased core count of 4 core 8 thread processors. These applications often require the use of multiple cores to handle tasks such as rendering, encoding, and decoding. With their increased core count, these processors are able to handle these tasks more efficiently, resulting in faster completion times.
Gaming
While 4 core 8 thread processors may not be the best choice for gaming, they can still offer a decent gaming experience. Many modern games are designed to take advantage of multiple cores, and with their increased core count, these processors are able to handle these games more efficiently. However, for more demanding games, a higher end processor with a higher clock speed may be necessary for optimal performance.
3D Modeling and Animation
3D modeling and animation applications also benefit from the increased core count of 4 core 8 thread processors. These applications often require the use of multiple cores to handle tasks such as rendering, simulations, and compositing. With their increased core count, these processors are able to handle these tasks more efficiently, resulting in faster completion times. Additionally, the increased cache size of these processors can also help improve performance in these applications.
Content creation
When it comes to content creation, the performance of a processor is a crucial factor that can make or break your workflow. This is especially true for professionals who work with demanding software applications such as video editing, graphic design, and 3D modeling. In this section, we will explore how a 4 core 8 thread processor can impact content creation and whether it is a worthwhile investment for content creators.
- Improved multitasking: With a 4 core 8 thread processor, content creators can run multiple applications simultaneously without experiencing lag or slowdowns. This can be particularly useful for those who work with multiple software applications at the same time, such as video editing and graphic design.
- Faster rendering times: Rendering is a time-consuming process that can take hours or even days to complete. With a 4 core 8 thread processor, content creators can reduce rendering times significantly, allowing them to complete projects faster and move on to the next one.
- Enhanced performance in demanding applications: Some software applications, such as Adobe Premiere Pro and Autodesk Maya, are notoriously demanding on system resources. A 4 core 8 thread processor can provide the power needed to run these applications smoothly, even when working with large files and complex projects.
- Increased efficiency: By offloading tasks to additional cores and threads, a 4 core 8 thread processor can help improve overall system efficiency. This can result in faster file transfers, quicker boot times, and better overall system responsiveness.
While a 4 core 8 thread processor can offer significant benefits for content creators, it is important to consider the specific needs of your workflow before making an investment. For example, if you primarily work with text-based content or simple graphics, a less powerful processor may be sufficient. However, for those who work with demanding software applications and large files, a 4 core 8 thread processor can be a valuable investment that can streamline your workflow and improve your overall productivity.
Gaming and multimedia
The performance of a processor is particularly crucial when it comes to gaming and multimedia applications. Both of these activities require the processor to handle large amounts of data and execute complex instructions quickly. Therefore, it is important to assess the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors in these areas.
Gaming Performance
Gaming is one of the most demanding applications for a processor. It requires the processor to handle real-time rendering, physics calculations, and AI processing, among other things. In this regard, the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors can vary depending on the specific game and the hardware configuration.
Some games may not require the full potential of a 4 core 8 thread processor, while others may benefit from the additional processing power. For instance, games that have high graphics requirements or that use advanced physics engines may require more processing power, making a 4 core 8 thread processor a better choice.
In addition, the performance of the GPU is also important for gaming. Therefore, it is important to consider the overall hardware configuration when assessing the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor in gaming.
Multimedia Performance
Multimedia applications such as video editing, 3D modeling, and audio processing also require a lot of processing power. In this regard, the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors can be assessed based on their ability to handle these tasks.
Multithreading is an important aspect of multimedia processing, as it allows the processor to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. A 4 core 8 thread processor can be particularly useful in this regard, as it can handle multiple threads with ease.
Furthermore, the performance of the processor also depends on the software used for multimedia processing. Some software may be optimized for specific processors, while others may be more generic. Therefore, it is important to consider the software used when assessing the performance of a 4 core 8 thread processor in multimedia applications.
In conclusion, the performance of 4 core 8 thread processors in gaming and multimedia applications can vary depending on the specific use case. While these processors may not be necessary for all gaming and multimedia tasks, they can be particularly useful in situations where high processing power is required. However, it is important to consider the overall hardware configuration and software used when assessing the performance of these processors.
The value of 4 core 8 thread processors
4 core 8 thread processors are designed to provide enhanced performance in multitasking and multithreading applications. These processors are equipped with eight threads, which means they can execute eight instructions simultaneously. This allows for more efficient use of system resources and improved overall performance.
One of the main advantages of 4 core 8 thread processors is their ability to handle multiple tasks simultaneously. This makes them ideal for applications that require high levels of multitasking, such as video editing, gaming, and graphic design. Additionally, these processors are also well-suited for multithreading applications, such as web servers and scientific simulations.
Another advantage of 4 core 8 thread processors is their ability to handle demanding workloads. These processors are designed to provide a balance between performance and power consumption, making them ideal for use in laptops and other portable devices. They are also capable of handling demanding tasks, such as video encoding and 3D modeling, without sacrificing performance.
In summary, 4 core 8 thread processors offer a balance of performance and power consumption, making them ideal for applications that require high levels of multitasking and multithreading. Their ability to handle demanding workloads also makes them a worthwhile investment for those looking to improve their system’s performance.
Making an informed decision
When it comes to deciding whether a 4 core 8 thread processor is a worthwhile investment, it’s important to consider the specific use cases and requirements of your system. Here are some factors to consider when making an informed decision:
- Application compatibility: Not all applications are optimized for multi-threaded processing, so it’s important to research whether the software you plan to use will take advantage of the additional cores and threads.
- Performance requirements: Depending on the tasks you need your system to perform, a 4 core 8 thread processor may or may not provide a significant performance boost. For example, tasks that can be parallelized and distributed across multiple cores and threads may see a significant improvement in performance, while single-threaded tasks may not see much of a difference.
- Cost: While 4 core 8 thread processors are becoming more common and affordable, they may still be more expensive than less advanced processors. It’s important to weigh the potential performance benefits against the cost to determine whether it’s a worthwhile investment for your specific needs.
- Compatibility with other system components: It’s important to consider how a 4 core 8 thread processor will work with other components in your system, such as your motherboard and memory. Some systems may require specific types of processors or may have limitations on the number of cores and threads that can be supported.
By considering these factors and doing your research, you can make an informed decision about whether a 4 core 8 thread processor is the right choice for your system’s needs.
Future prospects
The integration of 4 core 8 thread processors in modern computing devices has opened up a wide range of possibilities for the future. The potential of these processors is yet to be fully explored, and there are several exciting prospects on the horizon.
- Improved AI and Machine Learning capabilities: As AI and Machine Learning become increasingly prevalent in our daily lives, the need for powerful processors that can handle complex computations has become essential. The [4 core 8 thread processors](https://www.hardwarecentric.com/4-core-4-thread-vs-4-core-8-thread/) have shown promising results in handling these tasks, and it is expected that their performance will only improve in the future. This means that we can expect more sophisticated AI-powered devices and applications in the near future.
- Enhanced Virtual Reality and Gaming Experience: Virtual Reality and Gaming are two areas that heavily rely on the processing power of a device. With the introduction of 4 core 8 thread processors, we can expect a significant improvement in the performance of VR and gaming applications. This will result in smoother graphics, better frame rates, and an overall enhanced experience for users.
- More Efficient Cloud Computing: Cloud computing has become an integral part of our lives, and it is only going to become more prevalent in the future. The [4 core 8 thread processors](https://www.hardwarecentric.com/4-core-4-thread-vs-4-core-8-thread/) have the potential to revolutionize cloud computing by providing more efficient and powerful computing resources. This will enable businesses to run their operations more smoothly and efficiently, leading to increased productivity and profitability.
- Advancements in Scientific Research: Scientific research requires complex computations and simulations, and the processing power of a device plays a crucial role in this regard. The [4 core 8 thread processors](https://www.hardwarecentric.com/4-core-4-thread-vs-4-core-8-thread/) have shown promising results in handling these tasks, and it is expected that their performance will only improve in the future. This means that we can expect more advanced scientific research and discoveries in the coming years.
In conclusion, the future prospects of 4 core 8 thread processors are exciting, and we can expect to see significant improvements in various fields. As technology continues to advance, these processors are likely to become even more powerful and efficient, leading to new and innovative applications in the future.
FAQs
1. What does a 4 core 8 thread processor mean?
A 4 core 8 thread processor is a type of central processing unit (CPU) that has four physical cores and can handle eight threads simultaneously. This means that the processor can perform eight tasks at the same time, making it ideal for multitasking and running resource-intensive applications.
2. Is a 4 core 8 thread processor good or bad?
A 4 core 8 thread processor is generally considered to be a good investment, especially for those who need a CPU that can handle multiple tasks simultaneously. It provides excellent performance and is capable of handling a wide range of applications, from basic tasks such as web browsing and document editing to more demanding applications such as video editing and gaming.
3. How does a 4 core 8 thread processor compare to other processors?
A 4 core 8 thread processor compares favorably to other processors in its price range. It offers excellent value for money and is capable of delivering fast and efficient performance. While there are more expensive processors available that offer even better performance, a 4 core 8 thread processor is a great choice for those who do not want to break the bank.
4. Can a 4 core 8 thread processor handle heavy-duty tasks?
Yes, a 4 core 8 thread processor is capable of handling heavy-duty tasks such as video editing, gaming, and other resource-intensive applications. Its eight threads allow it to multitask efficiently, which means that it can handle multiple tasks simultaneously without slowing down.
5. How long will a 4 core 8 thread processor last?
A 4 core 8 thread processor is a durable and reliable component that can last for many years if properly maintained. However, as with any electronic device, its lifespan may be affected by factors such as overheating, power surges, and physical damage. To ensure that your processor lasts as long as possible, it is important to keep your system well-ventilated and to avoid overloading it with too many applications at once.